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Evaluation and prediction of slope stability using machine learning approaches

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 821-833 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0742-8

摘要： In this paper, the machine learning (ML) model is built for slope stability evaluation and meets the high precision and rapidity requirements in slope engineering. Different ML methods for the factor of safety (FOS) prediction are studied and compared hoping to make the best use of the large variety of existing statistical and ML regression methods collected. The data set of this study includes six characteristics, namely unit weight, cohesion, internal friction angle, slope angle, slope height, and pore water pressure ratio. The whole ML model is primarily divided into data preprocessing, outlier processing, and model evaluation. In the data preprocessing, the duplicated data are first removed, then the outliers are filtered by the LocalOutlierFactor method and finally, the data are standardized. 11 ML methods are evaluated for their ability to learn the FOS based on different input parameter combinations. By analyzing the evaluation indicators R ², MAE, and MSE of these methods, SVM, GBR, and Bagging are considered to be the best regression methods. The performance and reliability of the nonlinear regression method are slightly better than that of the linear regression method. Also, the SVM-poly method is used to analyze the susceptibility of slope parameters.

关键词： slope stability factor of safety regression machine learning repeated cross-validation

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Surficial stability analysis of soil slope under seepage based on a novel failure mode

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第3期页码 712-726 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0729-5

摘要： Normally, the edge effects of surficial landslides are not considered in the infinite slope method for surficial stability analysis of soil slopes. In this study, the limit stress state and discrimination equation of an infinite slope under saturated seepage flow were analyzed based on the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion. Therefore, a novel failure mode involving three sliding zones (upper tension zone, middle shear sliding zone, and lower compression zone) was proposed. Accordingly, based on the limit equilibrium analysis, a semi-analytical framework considering the edge effect for the surficial stability of a soil slope under downslope seepage was established. Subsequently, the new failure mode was verified via a numerical finite element analysis based on the reduced strength theory with ABAQUS and some simplified methods using SLIDE software. The results obtained by the new failure mode agree well with those obtained by the numerical analysis and traditional simplified methods, and can be efficiently used to assess the surficial stability of soil slopes under rainwater seepage. Finally, an evaluation of the infinite slope method was performed using the semi-analytical method proposed in this study. The results show that the infinite slope tends to be conservative because the edge effect is neglected, particularly when the ratio of surficial slope length to depth is relatively small.

关键词： soil slope seepage surficial failure mode stress state edge effects

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On the seismic stability analysis of reinforced rock slope and optimization of prestressed cables

Wenbo ZHENG, Xiaoying ZHUANG, Yongchang CAI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 132-146 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0152-z

摘要： The evaluation of the seismic stability of high rock slopes is of vital importance to ensure the safe operation of the hydropower stations. In this paper, an equivalent pseudo-static force analysis based on the finite element method is developed to evaluate the seismic stability of reinforced rock slopes where the prestressed cables are modeled by the bar elements applied with nodal forces and bounded only at the anchored parts. The method is applied to analyze a high rock slope in south-west China and the optimization of cables. The stabilization effects of prestressed cables on the seismic stability of the slope are studied, the simulations of the concrete heading are discussed and the potential failure modes of the shear concrete plug are compared. Based on this, the optimization of cables is studied including the anchor spacing and inclined angles.

关键词： high rock slope reinforced system optimization prestressed cable seismicity

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土坡稳定分析应力状态新方法的过程解析

王国体,王婉娣

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第1期页码 52-55

摘要：

依据土体应力状态、计算边坡稳定安全系数的思想，结合对土体根本性质的认识，对基本假定、公式推导过程和工程应用进行了详细的说明。由于土坡稳定安全系数的计算公式在理论分析依据是严密的，推证得到的计算公式是正确的，所以在工程实用是可靠的。文章为该方法的工程应用和深入开展相关的研究奠定坚实的基础。

关键词：土坡稳定分析方法应力状态稳定安全系数

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Stability analysis of layered slopes in unsaturated soils

Guangyu DAI; Fei ZHANG; Yuke WANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第3期页码 378-387 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0808-2

摘要： This study presents stability analyses of layered soil slopes in unsaturated conditions and uses a limit equilibrium method to determine the factor of safety involving suction stress of unsaturated soil. One-dimensional steady infiltration and evaporation conditions are considered in the stability analyses. An example of a two-layered slope in clay and silt is selected to verify the used method by comparing with the results of other methods. Parametric analyses are conducted to explore the influences of the matric suction on the stability of layered soil slopes. The obtained results show that larger suction stress provided in unsaturated clay dominates the stability of the layered slopes. Therefore, the location and thickness of the clay layer have significant influences on slope stability. As the water level decreases, the factor of safety reduces and then increases gradually in most cases. Infiltration/evaporation can obviously affect the stability of unsaturated layered slopes, but their influences depend on the soil property and thickness of the lower soil layer.

关键词： slope stability suction stress unsaturated soil layered slope limit equilibrium

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用改进后的CSF算法研究某边坡的稳定性

李建明

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第5期页码 79-82

摘要：

用改进后的CSF算法对FWJ边坡进行了研究和探讨，算出了边坡的安全系数，并搜索出了潜在滑动面，得出了影响边坡稳定的主要因素、破坏机理和初步的支护措施。实践表明，笔者的做法是简便、合理、可信的，有进一步研究和应用的价值。

关键词：临界滑动场算法岩质边坡稳定性

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Slope stability analysis based on big data and convolutional neural network

Yangpan FU; Mansheng LIN; You ZHANG; Gongfa CHEN; Yongjian LIU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第7期页码 882-895 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0859-4

摘要： The Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) is commonly used in traditional slope stability analyses, but it is time-consuming and complicated. Due to its complexity and nonlinearity involved in the evaluation process, it cannot provide a quick stability estimation when facing a large number of slopes. In this case, the convolutional neural network (CNN) provides a better alternative. A CNN model can process data quickly and complete a large amount of data analysis in a specific situation, while it needs a large number of training samples. It is difficult to get enough slope data samples in practical engineering. This study proposes a slope database generation method based on the LEM. Samples were amplified from 40 typical slopes, and a sample database consisting of 20000 slope samples was established. The sample database for slopes covered a wide range of slope geometries and soil layers’ physical and mechanical properties. The CNN trained with this sample database was then applied to the stability prediction of 15 real slopes to test the accuracy of the CNN model. The results show that the slope stability prediction method based on the CNN does not need complex calculation but only needs to provide the slope coordinate information and physical and mechanical parameters of the soil layers, and it can quickly obtain the safety factor and stability state of the slopes. Moreover, the prediction accuracy of the CNN trained by the sample database for slope stability analysis reaches more than 99%, and the comparisons with the BP neural network show that the CNN has significant superiority in slope stability evaluation. Therefore, the CNN can predict the safety factor of real slopes. In particular, the combination of typical actual slopes and generated slope data provides enough training and testing samples for the CNN, which improves the prediction speed and practicability of the CNN-based evaluation method in engineering practice.

关键词： slope stability limit equilibrium method convolutional neural network database for slopes big data

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东露天选煤厂槽仓高边坡稳定性与变形分析

姜海波,宫守才,刘庆雪

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第2期页码 107-112

摘要：

平朔东露天槽仓为目前亚洲最大规模的储煤槽仓。采用极限平衡方法和有限元法，开展了边坡在支护前后不同工况下的稳定性计算和应力与变形分析。结果表明，边坡支护前无法达到使用要求，斜壁与直壁转角处和仓底坡脚处为应力集中和变形最大处，是加固的重点部位。边坡采用土钉墙复合结构和灌注桩+钢内撑复合结构支护后，稳定性满足使用要求，变形在正常范围内，该支护方案非常适合该边坡。

关键词：槽仓边坡极限平衡法有限元法稳定性变形

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Slope stability analysis based on a multigrid method using a nonlinear 3D finite element model

Yaoru LIU, Zhu HE, Bo LI, Qiang YANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第1期页码 24-31 doi: 10.1007/s11709-013-0190-1

摘要： The rigid-body limit equilibrium method cannot reflect the actual stress distribution in a rock mass, and the finite-element-based strength reduction method also has some problems with respect to convergence. To address these problems, a multi-grid method was adopted in this study to establish a structural grid for finite element computation and a slip surface grid for computing slope stability safety factors. This method can be used to determine the stability safety factor for any slip surface or slide block through a combination of nonlinear finite element analysis and limit equilibrium analysis. An ideal elastic–plastic incremental analysis method based on the Drucker–Prager yield criterion was adopted in the nonlinear finite element computation. Elasto-plastic computation achieves good convergence for both small load steps and large load steps and can increase computation precision to a certain extent. To increase the scale and accuracy of the computation, TFINE, a finite element parallel computation program, was used to analyze the influence of grid density on the accuracy of the computation results and was then applied to analysis of the stability of the Jinping high slope. A comparison of the results with results obtained using the rigid-body limit equilibrium method showed that the slope stability safety factors determined using finite element analysis were greater than those obtained using the rigid-body limit equilibrium method and were in better agreement with actual values because nonlinear stress adjustment was considered in the calculation.

关键词： slope stability multi-grid method nonlinear finite element method

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基于最大熵原理的复合形法及其在边坡稳定分析中的应用

李亮,迟世春,林皋

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第4期页码 64-68

摘要：

将最大熵原理应用于基本复合形法的优化计算中，旨在提高算法的寻优成功率。具体步骤为：选取复形中熵最大的顶点为寻优点；在复形其余各点的加权中心点与寻优点的连线上，搜索比寻优点改善的新顶点；并替换掉寻优点构成新的复形；如此迭代直至复形中的信息被完全利用。采用基本复合形法和基于最大熵原理的复合形法对两个复杂土坡的最小安全系数进行了搜索，结果表明基于最大熵原理的复合形法的全局搜索能力有了明显改善。

关键词：熵复合形法边坡稳定安全系数

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层状岩质高边坡稳定监测技术

陈志坚

《中国工程科学》 2001年第3卷第5期页码 86-91

摘要：

以江阴大桥南塔区层状岩质高边坡及地基基础安全监测为例，阐述其安全监测设计的原则、监测网点的合理布置、破碎边坡岩体中测斜孔埋设技术以及边坡稳定安全监控模型的建立。提出基于外部变形观测成果的边坡稳定性判别准则，基于剪切位移、桩基轴力和水平推力观测成果的边坡稳定安全裕度定量评价方法。

关键词：江阴大桥塔墩边坡稳定监测测斜孔监控模型

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Evaluation of potential failure of rock slope at the left abutment of Jinsha River Bridge by model test

Zhiming ZHAO, Xihua WANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第3期页码 332-340 doi: 10.1007/s11709-013-0206-x

摘要： Jinsha River Bridge is located on Tiger Leaping Gorge town, China. The left bank slope composes of moderately thick layer of slate overlain by schistose basalt, and where rocks are controlled by two sets of joint planes. To evaluate the stability of the rock slope under bridge foundation, model test and calculation model based on the geological parameters and the slope stability was simulated and analyzed using Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) and Finite Element Mehod (FEM). According to model test, failure mainly initiated at the toe with shear movement along the joint planes, eventually resulting in the sliding along the slope surface and formation of tension crack at the crest of the model. This result coincide with the UDEC model, which shows that slope surface will produce loosening damage and slipping expected along the joint planes under different loading conditions. Moreover, the result of FEM analysis indicates that the rock mass under the main pier has potential shear failure region. So, the bridge foundation should be strengthened to prevent the slope failure under external forces.

关键词： slope stability strength properties model test numerical analysis

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用有限元强度折减法进行边坡稳定分析

郑颖人,赵尚毅,张鲁渝

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第10期页码 57-61

摘要：

通过对边坡非线性有限元模型进行强度折减，使边坡达到不稳定状态时，非线性有限元静力计算将不收敛，此时的折减系数就是稳定安全系数，同时可得到边坡破坏时的滑动面。传统条分法无法获得岩质边坡的滑动面与稳定安全系数。该方法开创了求岩质边坡滑动面与稳定安全系数的先例。文章对此法的计算精度以及影响因素进行了分析。算例表明采用摩尔-库仑等面积圆屈服准则求得的稳定安全系数与简化Bishop法的误差为3%～8%，与Spencer法的误差为1%～4%，证实了其实用于工程的可行性。

关键词：边坡稳定分析有限元强度折减法屈服准则

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Seismic stability of earth slopes with tension crack

Yundong ZHOU, Fei ZHANG, Jingquan Wang, Yufeng GAO, Guangyu DAI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 950-964 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0529-3

摘要： Cracks at the crest of slopes frequently occur during earthquakes. Such cracks result from limited tension strength of the soil. A tension cut-off in Mohr-Coulomb shear strength can represent this limited strength. Presented is an extension of variational analysis of slope stability with a tension crack considering seismicity. Both translational and rotational failure mechanisms are included in a pseudo-static analysis of slope stability. Developed is a closed-form to assess the seismic stability of slopes with zero tensile strength. The results indicate that the presence of the tension crack has significant effects on the seismic stability of slopes, i.e. leading to small value of the yield acceleration. Considering soil tension strength in seismic slope analysis may lead to overestimation on the stability, as much as 50% for vertical slopes. Imposing tension crack results in transit of the critical failure mode to a straight line from a log-spiral, except for flat slopes with small soil cohesion. Under seismic conditions, large cohesion may increase the depth of crack, moving it closer to the slope.

关键词： slope stability tension crack limit equilibrium seismic effect

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Evaluation of the stability of terraced slopes in clayey gravel soil using a novel numerical technique

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第5期页码 796-811 doi: 10.1007/s11709-023-0922-9

摘要： Conventional geotechnical software limits the use of the strength reduction method (SRM) based on the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion to analyze the slope safety factor (SF). The use of this constitutive model is impractical for predicting the behavior of all soil types. In the present study, an innovative numerical technique based on SRM was developed to determine SF using the finite element method and considering the extended Cam–clay constitutive model for clayey gravel soil as opposed to the Mohr–Coulomb model. In this regard, a novel user subroutine code was employed in ABAQUS to reduce the stabilizing forces to determine the failure surfaces and resist and drive shear stresses on a slope. After validating the proposed technique, it was employed to investigate the performance of terraced slopes in the context of a case study. The impacts of geometric parameters and different water table elevations on the SF were examined. The results indicated that an increase in the upper and lower slope heights led to a decrease in SF, and a slight increase in the horizontal offset led to an increase in the SF. Moreover, when the water table elevation was lower than the toe of the terraced slope, the SF increased because of the increase in the uplift force as a resistant component.

关键词： terraced slope safety factor finite element method ABAQUS extended Cam–clay